Racemetyrosine

DRACPC ID  DRACPC0084

Active Ingredients   Racemetyrosine

Description  A dysfunctional and modified form of the non-essential amino acid tyrosine and an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, racemetyrosine is specifically taken up by cancer cells through the transporter L-amino acid transferase-1 (LAT1; CD98). As a tyrosine derivative and faulty amino acid protein building block, racemetyrosine prevents protein synthesis in cancer cells. Specifically, this prevents mucin-1 (MUC1) protein synthesis. MUC1 is highly overexpressed by most cancer cells and regulates the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells created from the altered metabolism that cancer cells utilize, by upregulating key antioxidant defenses and preventing ROS-mediated apoptosis. In the absence of MUC1, ROS levels are increased, leading to an increase in oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis. Also, being a protective transmembrane protein, MUC1 is part of the protective layer on the outside of cancer cells and plays a key role in shielding the cancer cell from the immune system. The loss of MUC1 compromises the cell membrane, thereby making the cancer cell more vulnerable to be recognized and attacked by the immune system. Normal cells do not regularly take up certain non-essential amino acids, such as tyrosine, but readily convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, so normal healthy cells are not expected to consume racemetyrosine. In addition, racemetyrosine competes with tyrosine at the tyrosine-binding site of TH, thereby inhibiting TH, an enzyme that activates molecular oxygen to catalyze the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa), which is an intermediate to catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) production. This inhibits the synthesis of catecholamines.

Synonyms  SM 88; SM-88; SM88; (+-)-alpha-Methyl-DL-tyrosine; alpha-Methylparatyrosine, DL-; alpha-Methyltyrosine; D,L-alpha-metyrosine; Racemetirosine; Racemetyrosine

Type  Small Molecule

Disease  Pancreatic Cancer

Classification

  

Amino acid and derivative

Structure Information


Molecular Formula  C10H13NO3

Molecular Weight  195.21

Active Sequence  Not available

Sequence Length  Not available

Modification  Not available

Structure

 

Show IUPAC/InChI/SMILES

IUPAC Name  2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid

InChI  InChI=1S/C10H13NO3/c1-10(11,9(13)14)6-7-2-4-8(12)5-3-7/h2-5,12H,6,11H2,1H3,(H,13,14)

InChI_Key NHTGHBARYWONDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES  O=C(O)C(C)(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1

External Codes


PubChem CID  3125

DrugBank Accession Number  DB16306

NCI Thesaurus Code  C74152  

UNII  X88TTO174Z   GSRS

CAS  658-48-0



Drug approval


Drug indication
    Investigated for use/treatment in Pancreatic Cancer.

    The drug is not approved.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier Title Condition or disease Phase Purpose
NCT03512756 A Randomized Phase 2/3 Multi-Center Study of SM-88 in Subjects With Pancreatic Cancer Whose Disease Has Progressed or Recurred Pancreatic Cancer Phase 2/3 Treatment
NCT03778996 A Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SM-88 Used With Methoxsalen, Phenytoin, and Sirolimus (MPS) as Response Maintenance Therapy Following Standard Treatments for Patients With Ewing's Sarcoma or as Salvage Therapy for Patients With Clinically Advanced Sarcomas Sarcoma, EwingSarcoma Phase 2 Treatment

    More clinical information is obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov.





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